Wednesday, October 19, 2011

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES


INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES




REVISED: Sunday, March 3, 2013





You will receive an introduction to databases.

I.  INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES

A database is a set of named relations or tables.  Each relation has a set of named attributes or columns.  Each tupple or row has a value for each attribute.  Each attribute has a type or domain.

A.  TERMINOLOGY

1. Schema

Schema is the structural description of the relations in a database.

2.  Instance

Instance is the actual contents of a database at a given point in time.

3.  Relations

Relations are tables.

4.  Attributes

Attributes are columns.

5.  Tuples

Tuples are rows.

6.  Types

Types are domains.

7.  Null

Null is a special value for unknown or undefined.

8.  Key

Key is a unique attribute in each tuple or set  of attributes whose combined values are unique.

9.  Ad-hoc queries

Ad-hoc queries are questions you did not think of in advance.

10.  Queries

Queries return relations.

11.  Compositionality

Compositionality is the ability to run a query over the results of a previous query.

12.  Query languages

Query languages include SQL and Relational Algebra.

13.  XML

XML is the Extensible Markup Language (XML) was designed originally for exchanging data on the Internet.  XML basic construct consists of nested tagged elements, attributes, and text.  Data can be stored in relational databases or XML.  A parser can be used to determine if the XML is well formed.

Well formed XML has:

a.  Single root elements.

b.  Properly nested matched tags.

c.  Unique attributes within elements.

Parsed XML can be accessed by Document Object Model (DOM) and in streams by SAX.

Rule based languages such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) can be used to display XML as HTML.

You have received an introduction to databases, enjoy!

Elcric Otto Circle






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